What is gabapentin?
Gabapentin is a prescription medication that was initially developed to treat epilepsy in humans. It is in a class of medications called anticonvulsants and works by decreasing abnormal excitement in the brain. Gabapentin was approved by the FDA in 1993 for use in humans under the brand name Neurontin. Since then, it has also been used extensively in veterinary medicine to treat seizures, neuropathic pain, and behavior problems in dogs and cats (1).
The mechanism of action of gabapentin is not fully understood, but research suggests it binds to voltage-gated calcium channels in the brain and interferes with the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. By dampening down overexcited nerve cells, gabapentin is thought to reduce seizure activity and neuropathic pain signaling (2).
In veterinary medicine, gabapentin is commonly prescribed for dogs to help control refractory idiopathic epilepsy when other anticonvulsant drugs have not fully controlled seizures. It may also be used as an add-on medication in combination with other anticonvulsants. Gabapentin has the added benefit of being useful in managing chronic neuropathic pain in dogs, such as that associated with intervertebral disc disease. It also sometimes prescribed off-label to treat canine anxiety disorders and behavior problems (3).
Sources:
(1) https://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/21561-gabapentin
(2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin
(3) https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a694007.html
How does gabapentin work?
Gabapentin works by mimicking the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) in the brain. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning it blocks nerve impulses and reduces activity in the nervous system (1).
Gabapentin binds to voltage-gated calcium channels on nerve cells, which are involved in releasing neurotransmitters when a nerve signal passes through. By binding to these channels, gabapentin blocks calcium from entering the nerve cells, which reduces the release of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate (2).
This mechanism decreases abnormal excitement and overactivity in the nervous system. Neurotransmitters are also involved in pain signaling, so by altering their activity, gabapentin can reduce pain sensations (3).
Overall, gabapentin decreases nerve cell signaling, excitement, and pain transmission through its effects on inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the nervous system.
(1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553126/
(2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554400/
(3) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555913/
Why is gabapentin prescribed for dogs?
Gabapentin is commonly prescribed by veterinarians to treat chronic pain, seizures, and anxiety in dogs. Some of the most common uses of gabapentin in canines include:
Treating chronic pain – Gabapentin is often used to manage chronic pain conditions like arthritis, nerve pain, neuropathic pain, and chronic back pain in dogs (1). It can provide pain relief by interacting with calcium channels and reducing pain signaling in the brain and spinal cord.
Controlling seizures – Gabapentin is frequently prescribed as an add-on medication to phenobarbital or potassium bromide for controlling refractory epilepsy and reducing the frequency of seizures in dogs (2). The typical dosage for seizures is 10-20 mg/kg every 8-12 hours.
Managing anxiety – Veterinarians may prescribe gabapentin to treat anxiety disorders, noise aversion, travel anxiety, and stress in dogs. It can be used for short-term anxiety relief during events like thunderstorms or vet visits (3). The dosage for anxiety is around 10-15 mg/kg every 8-12 hours as needed.
Gabapentin is not FDA approved for veterinary use but is commonly prescribed off-label. Veterinarians must determine appropriate dosing individually for each dog based on their condition, response to treatment, and potential side effects.
(1) https://www.petmd.com/dog/care/gabapentin-dogs-what-you-need-know
(2) https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/gabapentin-for-dogs/
(3) https://www.goodrx.com/pet-health/dog/gabapentin-for-dogs
What are the potential side effects?
Gabapentin can cause various side effects in dogs, ranging from mild to severe. The most common side effects seen are:
- Sedation or drowsiness – This is the most common reaction to gabapentin. It can cause dogs to seem overly tired or lethargic. This tends to improve over time as the dog’s body adjusts to the medication. [1]
- Incoordination or unsteadiness – Gabapentin can impair balance and motor control in some dogs, especially when first starting treatment. This may cause stumbling, clumsiness or a “drunken” gait. [2]
- Vomiting and diarrhea – Stomach upset and gastrointestinal issues are possible gabapentin side effects. These tend to be mild and short-lived in most dogs. [3]
Less common side effects reported include:
- Increased urination and thirst
- Appetite changes
- Ataxia or loss of muscle control
- Tremors
The sedative effects and incoordination caused by gabapentin tend to improve over time as the dog’s body adjusts. However, some dogs may experience ongoing drowsiness, especially at higher doses. Regular monitoring by a veterinarian is important.
What negative reactions can it cause?
Gabapentin can cause some negative reactions in dogs if not used properly. The main risks are overdoses, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications.
Overdoses can occur if too much gabapentin is given. Signs of an overdose include severe drowsiness, difficulty walking or standing, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, and coma (sources). Any overdose should be treated as an emergency. Immediately contact your veterinarian or an emergency animal hospital.
Some dogs may have an allergic reaction to gabapentin. This is not common but can occur. Signs include facial swelling, hives, and difficulty breathing. If a dog shows signs of an allergic reaction, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian (source). Antihistamines may be used to treat mild reactions.
Gabapentin can interact with some other drugs and enhance side effects. For example, combining gabapentin with opioids like tramadol can cause severe sedation. Mixing with antacids can reduce absorption. Check with your vet before giving any other medications alongside gabapentin (sources).
When should it not be given?
There are certain situations when gabapentin should be avoided or used with caution in dogs:
Kidney Disease – Gabapentin is eliminated through the kidneys, so dogs with kidney disease or kidney failure may not be good candidates. The dosage may need to be adjusted based on kidney function.1
Liver Disease – The liver metabolizes gabapentin, so dogs with liver disease may not be able to process the medication properly. Gabapentin use should be carefully monitored in these dogs.2
Respiratory Depression – Gabapentin may cause slowed breathing in some dogs, so it should be used cautiously in dogs with respiratory conditions like bronchitis or collapsed trachea.3
Seizures – Gabapentin can potentially worsen seizures in some dogs, so it’s important to monitor for any increase in seizure activity.1
Elderly Dogs – Older dogs may experience increased side effects from gabapentin, so lower dosages and close monitoring is recommended.
Pregnant or Nursing Dogs – Gabapentin’s safety during pregnancy or nursing is unknown, so it should be avoided if possible.
How can reactions be managed?
It’s important to monitor your dog closely after giving them gabapentin, especially when first starting the medication or adjusting the dosage. Look for signs of drowsiness, loss of coordination, vomiting, diarrhea, or other side effects. According to the AKC, these effects often resolve in 1-2 weeks as the dog’s body adjusts to the medication.
If your dog seems overly sedated or unable to walk properly, contact your veterinarian. They may recommend lowering the dosage or spacing out doses to mitigate these side effects. According to VCA Hospitals, gradual increases over time can help dogs better tolerate gabapentin. Never adjust your dog’s medication dosage or frequency without consulting your vet first.
PetMD states that most dogs need 2-3 doses per day of gabapentin. Your vet can work with you to find the ideal dosage and schedule for managing your dog’s condition while also avoiding negative reactions. Be prepared to make some adjustments, as each dog responds differently. With your vet’s guidance, you can find the optimal gabapentin regimen for your canine companion.
What to do in an emergency
If your dog experiences a life-threatening reaction to gabapentin, it is crucial to seek immediate veterinary care. Some signs of a dangerous reaction include:
- Severe difficulty breathing
- Collapse or loss of consciousness
- Seizures
- Uncontrolled vomiting or diarrhea
These reactions require emergency veterinary attention to stabilize your dog and prevent lasting harm. Per the PetMD article, “Overdoses of gabapentin can cause a lack of coordination, decreased energy level (lethargy), vomiting, and, in more severe cases, tremors and seizures” (PetMD). Do not wait to see if symptoms resolve on their own.
Contact your veterinarian immediately or take your dog to an emergency vet clinic right away if exhibiting signs of a life-threatening reaction. Be prepared to describe your dog’s symptoms, when they started, and the dosage of gabapentin given. Timely treatment greatly improves the chance of recovery.
With rapid veterinary intervention, many dogs fully recover after experiencing an adverse reaction. However, a severe overdose or allergic response can be fatal without quick treatment. Calling your vet at the first troubling signs provides your dog the best opportunity for a positive outcome.
Alternatives to gabapentin
There are some alternatives to gabapentin for treating pain and seizures in dogs that don’t carry the same risks of side effects. These include other medications as well as non-drug options.
One medication that works similarly to gabapentin is pregabalin (Lyrica). Pregabalin binds to the same calcium channels and has effects on reducing pain signals to the brain. Some benefits over gabapentin may include improved absorption and steadier blood levels. However, pregabalin can also cause side effects like sedation and gastrointestinal upset, so it may not be suitable for all dogs.
Non-drug alternatives like acupuncture, massage therapy, hydrotherapy, and dietary supplements may also help manage pain and other neurological symptoms. Options like glucosamine, turmeric, and fish oil have anti-inflammatory properties and may provide relief without the risks of pharmaceuticals. Non-drug alternatives can be used alone or alongside reduced doses of gabapentin if approved by a veterinarian.
When considering alternatives, pet owners should consult their veterinarian to find the safest and most effective options tailored to their dog’s health profile and needs.
Key takeaways
Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication often prescribed for dogs to treat nerve pain, seizures, and anxiety. While it can be an effective treatment, some dogs may experience adverse reactions.
Potential side effects of gabapentin in dogs include lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, wobbliness, and loss of appetite. More severe reactions like breathing difficulties, swelling, and hives can occasionally occur and require prompt veterinary attention.
To reduce the risk of reactions, gabapentin should be carefully dosed under veterinary supervision. Owners should monitor their dog closely during initial treatment and report any concerning symptoms. Mild reactions can often be managed by adjusting the dosage or discontinuing the medication.
Overall, gabapentin can greatly help many dogs suffering from pain and seizures when used responsibly. However, dog owners should be aware of possible adverse reactions to ensure their pet’s safety and wellbeing.