Introduction
Vitamin B12 (co-balamin) is an essential water-soluble vitamin required for several physiological processes in the dog’s body.
Vitamin B12 plays a critical role in the formation of red blood cells and proper nerve function. It also helps metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Dogs need vitamin B12 for cell reproduction, normal growth, and development.
In humans, vitamin B12 is essential for DNA synthesis, neurological function, and hematopoiesis. Like in dogs, a deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia and neurologic abnormalities.
While both dogs and humans need vitamin B12, there are differences in the recommended daily intake amount and potential toxicity levels between the two species. This is an important consideration when administering human vitamin B12 supplements to dogs.
B12 in Dogs
Dogs require vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, just like humans do. B12 is an essential vitamin that plays important roles in many of the body’s functions. It is involved in DNA synthesis, energy metabolism, red blood cell maturation, and proper functioning of the nervous system.
In order for dogs to utilize B12 properly, a glycoprotein called intrinsic factor must bind with the vitamin in the small intestine. This intrinsic factor-B12 complex allows the vitamin to be absorbed into the body. Without sufficient intrinsic factor, dogs are unable to properly absorb dietary vitamin B12.
Most dogs get their B12 from animal-based proteins in their diet or from supplementation. Beef, chicken, fish, eggs and dairy products are good sources of B12 for dogs. As carnivores, dogs generally produce enough intrinsic factor to properly absorb dietary B12. However, some breeds can have issues absorbing adequate B12.[1]
B12 is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning excess amounts are excreted in the urine rather than stored in fat deposits. Therefore, toxicity and overdose are not common concerns with B12 supplementation in dogs when administered correctly.
[1] https://shop.animalbiome.com/blogs/pet-health/b12-deficiency-in-dogs-and-the-role-of-the-gut
B12 Deficiency in Dogs
B12 deficiency in dogs can lead to a number of concerning signs and symptoms. According to Dog’s Naturally Magazine, some of the most common symptoms of B12 deficiency in dogs include lethargy, weakness, poor coat quality, weight loss, decreased appetite, impaired immune function, impaired wound healing, and gastrointestinal issues like vomiting and diarrhea.
One of the most serious symptoms of B12 deficiency in dogs is neurological abnormalities. According to the article on Dog’s Naturally Magazine, neurological symptoms can include tremors, seizures, and ataxia, which is a loss of coordination in the limbs. These neurological symptoms are caused by abnormalities in the nervous system due to the B12 deficiency.
If a dog has any of these signs or symptoms, B12 deficiency should be suspected. A veterinarian can run blood tests to check the dog’s B12 levels and confirm if deficiency is present. The earlier it is caught and treated, the better the prognosis for the dog.
Causes of B12 Deficiency in Dogs
The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in dogs is an inability to properly absorb the vitamin in the digestive tract. Dogs normally absorb B12 in their small intestine with the help of a protein called intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor binds with B12, allowing it to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Without enough intrinsic factor, dogs cannot adequately absorb the B12 in their food or supplements.
Certain conditions can lead to a lack of intrinsic factor or make a dog unable to produce it. These include:
- Chronic small intestinal disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (Kingsdale)
- Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (AnimalBiome)
- Overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine
- Intestinal surgery such as gastrectomy
- Certain medications
Without intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 simply passes through the digestive tract without being absorbed. Over time, this leads to a B12 deficiency.
Diagnosing B12 Deficiency in Dogs
Diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency in dogs typically starts with a veterinarian performing a physical examination and asking about any symptoms the owner has observed. If B12 deficiency is suspected, the veterinarian will likely recommend running some laboratory tests.
One of the main ways vets diagnose B12 deficiency is by checking the dog’s blood B12 levels. A blood sample can be analyzed to determine the concentration of vitamin B12. Low levels often indicate a B12 deficiency. Normal reference ranges for blood vitamin B12 will vary a bit between different laboratories, but are generally around 300-900 ng/L (source[1]).
In addition to checking blood B12 status directly, other blood tests may also provide clues about B12 deficiency. For example, anemia is a common symptom, so complete blood counts could show lowered red blood cell counts or changes in blood cell size and shape. Other metabolic changes related to B12 deficiency may also show up on blood chemistry profiles.
Sources:
[1] https://www.dogsnaturallymagazine.com/b12-deficiency-in-dogs/
Treating B12 Deficiency in Dogs
There are several ways to treat a B12 deficiency in dogs:
Giving B12 injections is one of the most common and effective treatments for dogs with a B12 deficiency (Source). B12 injections allow the vitamin to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream, bypassing potential absorption issues in the digestive tract. Vets will administer the injections, usually weekly at first.
Oral B12 supplements are another option for treating deficiency in dogs (Source). These come in tablet, liquid, or paste form and are given daily. Supplements may take longer to correct the deficiency than injections but are easier to administer at home.
Dietary changes may also help manage B12 deficiency in dogs (Source). Adding more animal-based proteins to the diet, like meat, eggs, and dairy, can increase B12 intake. Special veterinary therapeutic diets designed for gastrointestinal and malabsorption issues may also be recommended.
Can Dogs Take Human B12 Supplements?
Yes, dogs can safely take human vitamin B12 supplements in the proper dosage (source: https://www.veterinarians.org/vitamin-b12-for-dogs/). Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning any excess is excreted in the urine rather than stored in the body. While it’s possible for a pet to have too much of certain vitamin supplements, B12 is generally not toxic even in large amounts (source: http://www.thatpetblog.com/2014/01/29/give-vitamin-b12-supplement-dog/).
However, the dosage is important – human supplements may have a much higher amount of B12 than a dog requires. Check with your veterinarian on the proper dosage before giving any supplement to your pet. Follow label instructions carefully and never exceed the recommended amount.
Dosage of Human B12 for Dogs
The typical dosage of human B12 supplements for dogs depends on the dog’s weight. According to the FDA, dogs weighing 22-44 lbs should receive 1/2 mL of B12 daily, dogs weighing 44-110 lbs should receive 1 mL daily, and dogs over 110 lbs should start with 2 mL daily for a month before rechecking B12 levels and tapering as needed (source).
Some veterinarians recommend an initial dose of 50-100 mcg/kg of B12 given once daily to dogs, which equates to roughly 0.05-0.1 mL per pound of body weight (source). The dosage may need to be adjusted over time based on the dog’s response and B12 levels on retesting.
Factors that affect the dosage include the severity of the dog’s B12 deficiency, underlying causes, and whether the dog is exhibiting neurological symptoms that require faster repletion. Veterinarian monitoring is important to ensure proper dosing and adjustment over time.
Administering Human B12 to Dogs
There are two main ways to administer human B12 supplements to dogs – oral supplements and injections. Oral B12 supplements like tablets or liquids are the easiest method for most dog owners. According to That Pet Blog1, oral vitamin B12 supplements are considered very safe for dogs. The dosage will depend on the size of your dog and severity of the deficiency. Always start with the lowest recommended dose and monitor your dog.
B12 injections from a vet provide the other option for administering this vitamin to dogs. As explained by Ultimate Pet Nutrition2, B12 injections are more commonly used in cases of severe deficiency or when absorption issues prevent the oral supplement from being effective. B12 injections deliver the vitamin directly to the bloodstream. Consult with your veterinarian on whether injections could benefit your dog.
No matter which method you choose for giving your dog B12 supplements, work closely with your vet on the proper dosage and schedule based on your dog’s unique needs. Monitor for any side effects and make dosage adjustments as needed under your vet’s supervision.
When to Consult a Vet
If you suspect your dog may have a vitamin B12 deficiency, it’s important to consult your veterinarian. Some signs of B12 deficiency in dogs include loss of appetite, weight loss, diarrhea or constipation, and neurological problems like seizures, weakness, and incoordination [1]. However, these symptoms may also indicate other health issues, so it’s important your vet perform diagnostic testing to confirm B12 deficiency.
Your vet can run a blood test to check your dog’s B12 levels. They may also recommend supplements, injections, or a change in diet to increase B12. Never start supplementing B12 without consulting your vet first. Too much B12 can lead to toxicity. Your vet will advise you on the proper supplemental dosage for your dog based on their deficiency level and other factors.
It’s also important to work with your vet to identify the underlying cause of your dog’s B12 deficiency and treat any conditions that may be preventing them from properly absorbing B12. This may involve medications, dietary changes, or treatments for gastrointestinal issues [2]. Your vet’s guidance is crucial to correctly diagnosing and managing B12 deficiency in your dog.