Introduction
Dog dementia, also known as canine cognitive dysfunction, is a progressive neurological disorder in dogs characterized by changes in awareness, deficits in learning and memory, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and other symptoms. Some of the most common symptoms of dog dementia include disorientation, anxiety, behavioral changes, loss of prior housetraining, altered interactions with family members, sleep disruption, and deficits in learned behaviors. One potential symptom that is less known is walking or pacing in circles, which will be examined in more detail in this article as a key indicator of dementia in senior dogs.
What is Dog Dementia?
Dog dementia, also called canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), is a gradual decline in a dog’s cognitive abilities that is similar to dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in humans. It affects memory, learning, perception, and awareness. Over time, a dog with CCD will have more difficulty remembering things it has learned, like house training or obedience commands. The dog’s spatial awareness and recognition of people and other pets can also deteriorate (Eastbay Vet Clinic, 2022).
CCD is caused by physical changes in the brain that occur as dogs age. The accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and the degeneration of neurons in the brain lead to the symptoms of CCD. It usually affects dogs over the age of 7, and the risk increases with age. However, the specific age of onset and progression of symptoms can vary between breeds and individual dogs. CCD is not the same as normal aging – it represents a true decline in cognitive function that interferes with a dog’s quality of life (AKC, 2023).
Common Symptoms
Some of the most common symptoms of dog dementia include:
Disorientation – Dogs with dementia may seem confused or lost in familiar places. They may stare blankly at walls or into space, or get stuck in corners or behind furniture, according to the East Bay Veterinary Clinic.
Changes in interactions – Dementia can cause dogs to become more clingy and dependent on their owners, or conversely, more withdrawn and aloof, according to the American Kennel Club. They may fail to respond to commands or seem not to recognize familiar people.
Changes in sleep cycles – Dogs with dementia may stay up pacing or wandering at night, then sleep more during the day. Their normal sleep/wake cycles become disturbed, similar to humans with Alzheimer’s disease, notes the AKC.
House soiling – Dementia causes dogs to forget their house training, resulting in accidental urination or defecation indoors, even in long-trained adult dogs.
Anxiety – Dogs with dementia often seem anxious, restless, and agitated for no apparent reason, according to the PetMD. They may pace, pant, whine, or bark excessively.
Walking in Circles
One concerning symptom of dog dementia is when dogs start walking or pacing in circles repeatedly. This repetitive circling motion is believed to indicate that the dog is disoriented and confused (Dog Dementia: Circling Behavior). Owners often report noticing their dogs suddenly start to pace in circles, especially at night, when dementia symptoms may worsen due to sundowning. The circling tends to happen over and over in the same path. Some dogs will circle to the left, while others go to the right. The repetitive circling may last for minutes or hours, which can be distressing for owners to witness.
According to anecdotal reports from owners, circling is one of the most noticeable symptoms of dog dementia that first alerts them that something is wrong with their senior dog. The repetitive motion seems to indicate the dog is confused about their surroundings and unable to settle in one place. Unfortunately, circling is a symptom that tends to worsen as the dementia progresses. Dogs may pace obsessively to the point of exhaustion. It’s important for owners to have their vet evaluate any new repetitive circling behavior in senior dogs, as it can signify the onset of canine cognitive dysfunction.
Causes of Circling
There are several potential causes for a dog walking in circles including:
Vision Loss
Dogs with impaired vision or blindness may begin walking in circles as they lose their sense of direction and spatial awareness. Gradual vision loss from conditions like cataracts or sudden vision loss from injuries can cause disorientation and circling (source).
Ear Infections
Ear infections, especially in the inner ear, can impact a dog’s balance and equilibrium. The vestibular system in the inner ear is critical for spatial navigation. Inflammation and infection in this area can cause dizziness, loss of coordination, and circling movements as the dog loses balance (source).
Neurological Conditions
Diseases affecting the nervous system, such as encephalitis or canine distemper, can potentially lead to circling behavior. Inflammation, pressure, or damage to parts of the brain that control motor function and balance can result in compulsive pacing and spinning motions (source).
Cognitive Decline/Dementia
Progressive brain aging and dementia in older dogs can also manifest as repetitive circling and pacing. As senior dogs’ cognitive function declines, they may begin walking in aimless circles or getting “stuck” in corners as they experience confusion and spatial disorientation (source).
Compulsive Disorders
Some dogs may develop compulsive circling behavior unrelated to medical issues. Obsessive compulsive disorders can cause dogs to start pacing or spinning repetitively to relieve stress or anxiety. This is considered an abnormal behavior issue rather than a medical symptom (source).
Diagnosis
Diagnosing dementia in dogs requires a veterinary examination to rule out other possible physical causes for the symptoms, such as thyroid problems, neurological issues, or adverse medication reactions. Vets will take the dog’s full medical history and conduct a clinical exam, including evaluating the dog’s vision, hearing, heart, and neurological function.
Veterinarians may also perform cognitive and behavioral tests on the dog to assess their mental function. These tests evaluate abilities like memory, problem-solving, spatial awareness, reaction time, and learned behaviors. For example, clinicians may hide treats and see if the dog remembers where they are placed, or use maze puzzles to test cognitive skills. Observation of abnormal behaviors like aimless pacing, staring into space, or getting stuck in corners can also help vets diagnose dementia.
According to research from Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine, a DISH assessment can effectively screen dogs for dementia by evaluating Disorientation, Interactions, Sleep, and House Soiling. The DISHAA assessment adds appetite and activity changes. Vets use these standardized criteria to systematically assess cognitive decline in aging dogs.[1]
Treatment
There are several approaches for treating dog dementia, with the first step being to address any underlying physical causes contributing to cognitive decline:
Some medications can help manage the symptoms of canine cognitive dysfunction. These include selegiline, which helps control behavioral symptoms, and antidepressants like amitriptyline or fluoxetine, which can provide mood stabilization (https://www.webmd.com/pets/dogs/dog-dementia). However, medications should be used cautiously and only after ruling out underlying medical conditions.
Nutraceuticals and dietary supplements may also be beneficial. Diets rich in fish oils provide omega-3 fatty acids that support brain health. Supplements with medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) can provide an alternative brain fuel source. Antioxidants like vitamins E and C protect neurons from damage (https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/dog-dementia/). Consulting with a veterinarian is advised before starting any supplements.
Cognitive enrichment therapies can help engage the dog’s mind and slow mental decline. These include food puzzle toys, new tricks and commands, changes to walking routes, or scent work. Consistent daily mental stimulation is key. Physical exercise also benefits circulation and cognitive function.
While there is no cure for dog dementia, a multi-modal approach can improve quality of life. Prioritizing the dog’s comfort, reducing anxiety, and preserving dignity are essential throughout treatment.
Managing Dementia
Having a dog diagnosed with dementia can be difficult, but there are ways to manage the condition and improve their quality of life. Establishing a consistent routine with regular feeding, walk, and play times is important. Providing safe spaces like a crate or bed where the dog feels secure can also help with anxiety. Engaging in mentally stimulating activities like nose work, trick training, or food puzzles encourage cognitive function. Veterinarians may prescribe medication to help with disorientation, anxiety, or compulsive behaviors associated with canine cognitive dysfunction. Overall, remaining patient, keeping a schedule, and continuing positive interactions are key to managing dementia in dogs.
According to the Grey Muzzle Organization, “Having a schedule helps create a sense of normalcy for your dog” and “can make them feel more relaxed.” They recommend keeping consistent feeding times and locations as well as regular opportunities for exercise and play (“7 Tips for Caring for a Dog With Canine Dementia,” Grey Muzzle). Cornell University advises providing “environmental enrichment with food puzzles, games, social interaction, and new toys” to keep the brain active (Cornell University, “Senior dog dementia”).
Quality of Life
A key consideration when deciding whether or not to euthanize a dog with dementia is assessing the dog’s overall quality of life. According to research, pet owners should gauge whether the dog still has more good days than bad.
As the disease progresses, the dog may experience more frequent episodes of confusion, anxiety, pacing, and circling. The dog may have difficulty eating, drinking, sleeping, and going to the bathroom. Accidents around the house become more common. The dog may fail to recognize familiar people or surroundings.
Pet owners should take note if the dog displays more signs of frustration, fear, irritation, pain, or distress on a regular basis. If the dog’s personality seems to deteriorate and they no longer seem happy or at ease most of the time, then quality of life is greatly diminished.
According to veterinary sources, if the owner is unable to improve the dog’s quality of life through any combination of medication, diet changes, mental stimulation, or environmental adaptation, then euthanasia may be the most humane option.
The decision to euthanize is extremely difficult, but sometimes necessary to prevent further suffering. Focusing on quality of life, rather than simply longevity, can help guide pet owners contemplating this choice for a beloved dog with dementia.
Conclusion
In summary, while walking in circles can potentially be a symptom of dog dementia, it’s important not to jump to conclusions. There are many reasons why a dog may walk in circles, including age-related issues, recent changes, medical problems or cognitive dysfunction. Only a veterinarian can properly diagnose dementia through various tests.
If your dog does seem to be displaying signs of canine cognitive dysfunction, the most important thing is providing the best possible care and quality of life. Work closely with your vet to find an appropriate management plan that may involve medication, supplements, dietary changes and mental stimulation. Focus on accommodating your dog’s needs and helping them feel secure. With patience and compassion, you can ensure your dog maintains a good quality of life as they age.