What are ear mites in dogs?
Ear mites, scientifically known as Otodectes cynotis, are tiny parasitic insects that live on the skin surface inside a dog’s ear canal. They are a common cause of ear infections (otitis externa) in dogs. Ear mites are highly contagious and can spread rapidly between dogs and cats.
The life cycle of ear mites is approximately 3 weeks. The adult female mite lays eggs inside the ear canal, which hatch into larvae. The larvae mature into nymphs and then into adults. The mites feed on skin debris, oils and earwax inside the ear canal.
As ear mites tunnel and reproduce, they can cause intense itching, irritation, inflammation and ear infections. Common symptoms of an ear mite infestation include head shaking and scratching at the ears, dark crumbly discharge that resembles coffee grounds, odor and redness inside the ear. Severe infestations can lead to total ear canal occlusion and hearing loss. Puppies, older dogs and dogs with floppy ears are most susceptible.
Is dark brown discharge a symptom of ear mites?
Ear mites can cause a dark brown crumbly discharge from the ear. This discharge often has a strong, pungent odor and resembles coffee grounds in texture.
However, dark brown discharge can also be a sign of other ear problems like yeast infections. Yeast infections cause a dark brown discharge that is thick and waxy in texture, with a yeasty odor.
According to WebMD, the key signs of an ear mite infection are “dry, dark brown discharge resembling coffee grounds. It will often be accompanied by an offensive odor. You may see the mites themselves, which look like tiny white bugs.”
In contrast, yeast infections produce “a dark, reddish-brown discharge that’s thicker and waxier than that caused by ear mites.” The odor is also described as yeasty rather than offensive.
So while dark brown discharge can indicate ear mites, the texture and smell provide important clues to help identify the underlying cause. Examining the ear with an otoscope allows a veterinarian to check for the presence of mites or yeast to reach an accurate diagnosis.
How are ear mites diagnosed in dogs?
Ear mites are diagnosed in dogs through a veterinary exam and visual inspection of the ear canal. The veterinarian will use an otoscope to look inside the ear and examine the ear canal and eardrum. They are looking for the presence of brown discharge, small white specks that resemble dandruff, and crusty debris resulting from inflammation caused by the mites.
Another diagnostic method is performing a microscope exam of the ear discharge. A sample of the debris or discharge is taken from the dog’s ear canal and examined under a microscope. The veterinarian is looking for the presence of ear mites, which will confirm the diagnosis. Ear mites can be identified as tiny spider-like insects with eight legs if the sample contains them.
A definitive diagnosis is made when ear mites or mite eggs are visualized under the microscope from a sample taken from the dog’s ear. Veterinarians may also perform a gentle ear flush to obtain a sample if needed. Along with looking for the mites themselves, signs such as inflammation and dark crumbly debris are indicative of an ear mite infection.
Some key references on diagnosing ear mites in dogs:
https://www.goodrx.com/pet-health/dog/ear-mites-in-dogs
How are ear mites treated in dogs?
Ear mites are commonly treated using medicated ear drops or oral medications prescribed by a veterinarian. Some of the most commonly prescribed medications for treating ear mites in dogs include:
- Ivermectin – This oral medication kills ear mites. It is given daily for 10-14 days. (https://www.drgoodvet.com/pet-health-plus/ear-mites-in-dogs/)
- Milbemycin oxime – Another oral medication that kills ear mites. It is given daily for 7-14 days. (https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/parasitology/ear-mites-uncovering-treating-and-preventing-infestations/)
- Selamectin – A topical medication applied to the skin that kills ear mites.
- Mite, tick and flea medications – These monthly oral or topical medications like Nexgard and Bravecto contain ingredients that kill ear mites.
It’s important during treatment to also identify and treat any secondary infections caused by the ear mites, like bacterial or fungal infections. Secondary infections can cause complications if left untreated. Cleaning the ears thoroughly and applying antibiotic or antifungal ear drops helps clear up secondary infections.
Most ear mite infections in dogs resolve within 1-2 weeks after starting proper treatment. It’s critical to follow the vet’s instructions carefully and finish the entire course of treatment to fully eliminate the ear mite infestation.
How can ear mites be prevented in dogs?
There are several ways to help prevent ear mites in dogs:
Regular cleaning of your dog’s ears can help remove debris and wax that could harbor mites. Gently wipe the outer ear with a cotton ball dampened with a veterinarian-approved ear cleaner once a week. Be careful not to insert anything into the ear canal.
Checking for signs of infection and treating any infections right away can help prevent an environment where mites can thrive. Signs include head shaking, scratching at the ears, redness, swelling, odor and discharge.
Keeping other pets free of ear mites reduces sources of potential infection. Treat any infected pets according to your veterinarian’s recommendation. Also wash bedding regularly that is shared among pets.
Topical pesticide treatments prescribed by your vet may also help repel and kill mites as a preventative measure.
While diligent ear care is important, be careful not to over-clean your dog’s ears as this can lead to other problems. Consult your vet if you have any questions about proper techniques and cleaning products.
When should a vet be consulted about ear issues?
It’s important to take your dog to the veterinarian if they have persistent ear problems. Symptoms to watch for that signal it’s time to see the vet include:
- Persistent head shaking or scratching at the ears – This can indicate discomfort or pain associated with an ear infection.
- Visible discharge or odor coming from the ears – Any abnormal fluid or smell can signify an infection or inflammation.
- Changes in behavior – If your dog seems off, agitated, or more prone to whining/yelping when their ears are touched, an underlying issue may be present.
Per this source, if you suspect an ear infection, call your veterinarian immediately and don’t wait until your dog is in significant pain or has ears that won’t stop itching. The veterinarian will examine your dog’s ears with an otoscope and may collect samples. From there, they can prescribe medication to treat any infection present.
Can ear mites transfer between pets?
Yes, ear mites are highly contagious between pets like dogs and cats. According to FirstVet, ear mites can easily spread from the ear passages of infected pets to others through close contact. Even brief interactions can allow ear mites to be transmitted.
To stop the spread of ear mites between pets in the home, it’s important to thoroughly clean bedding, toys, food bowls, and other items. Any fabric items should be washed in hot water and laundry soap to kill ear mites. Hard surfaces can be disinfected with products containing bleach. All pets in the household should be treated for ear mites at the same time to prevent reinfection.
In multi-pet homes, isolating infected pets during treatment can also help break the ear mite cycle. Be sure to follow up with repeat cleaning even after treatment to ensure all traces of ear mites are eliminated.
Is dark brown ear wax normal in dogs?
Ear wax serves an important protective purpose in dogs. It is produced by glands in the ear canal and helps trap dirt, bacteria, and other debris before it reaches the inner ear. The wax also contains oils that keep the skin in the ear canal lubricated and healthy.
Normal ear wax in dogs is typically light brown to black in color. Dark brown ear wax is very common and can be considered normal in most dogs. However, ear wax that changes color or takes on a new odor can indicate an underlying issue.
According to Bully Sticks Central[1], some factors that can cause abnormal changes in a dog’s ear wax include:
- Allergies – Can lead to increased wax production and inflammation.
- Ear mites – A parasitic infection that causes a dark, crumbly discharge.
- Yeast infections – Cause a dark brown, smelly buildup.
- Foreign objects – Can irritate the ear canal and increase wax production.
While small amounts of dark brown ear wax are usually nothing to worry about in dogs, significant changes in color or texture warrant a trip to the veterinarian. It’s important to routinely check your dog’s ears and alert your vet if you notice anything unusual.
[1] https://bullystickscentral.com/blogs/tips-for-dog-owners/wax-in-your-dog-s-ear-everything-you-need-to-know
Caring for dogs ears at home
It’s important to gently clean your dog’s ears regularly to prevent infections. Use a dog ear cleaner recommended by your veterinarian. Apply some cleaner to a cotton ball and gently wipe just inside the ear canal. Never insert cotton swabs or anything else into your dog’s ear canal.
Be sure to thoroughly dry your dog’s ears after baths or swimming. Water left in the ears can lead to infections. Gently blot the ears with a towel or use a dog ear drying solution.
Avoid using cotton swabs in your dog’s ears as they can push debris and wax further into the ear canal. This can cause irritation, inflammation, and potential damage to the ear. Only clean as far into your dog’s ears as you can see. The ear canal should only be cleaned by a veterinarian.
Regular ear cleaning and proper drying will help keep your dog’s ears healthy and free from excess buildup and debris.
Citations:
https://www.smalldogplace.com/dogs-ears.html
https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/439200341/
When to see a vet for ear issues
Most minor ear problems in dogs can be managed at home through regular gentle cleaning and application of vet-approved medications. However, you should make an appointment with your veterinarian if you notice any of the following:
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Persistent symptoms – If your dog’s ear issues have not improved after 7-10 days of home treatment, or the symptoms seem to be getting worse, it’s time to seek professional help. The vet can examine your dog’s ears more thoroughly and determine if there is an underlying problem.
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Changes in behavior – Dogs with painful or irritated ears may seem anxious, shake their head excessively, or scratch at their ears. These behavior changes signify discomfort and the need for veterinary attention.
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No improvement with home care – Sometimes over-the-counter medications are not strong enough to provide relief. Your vet can prescribe stronger and targeted medications if your dog’s symptoms have not responded to initial home treatment.
While most ear problems can be managed at home, chronic or worsening symptoms require an expert diagnosis and treatment plan from your veterinarian. Do not delay in seeking professional help if your dog’s ears show no signs of improvement.