Introduction
Plug-in dog calmers, also known as dog appeasing pheromone (DAP) diffusers, are devices that emit synthetic dog pheromones into the air to help create a calming environment for dogs. Pheromones are chemicals that trigger social responses in members of the same species. DAP mimics the pheromones produced by a lactating female dog to soothe her puppies. The diffusers plug into any wall outlet to release these synthetic pheromones constantly for about 4-6 weeks, depending on the product.
The pheromones are odorless to humans and dogs. But when dogs smell them, it can have an appeasing and calming effect by signaling safety and contentment. This helps relieve stress and anxiety in dogs by making them feel like they are in a safe and comfortable environment.
DAP diffusers have been found effective for alleviating stress-related behaviors in dogs like barking, chewing, urination and more. They are frequently used in high-stress situations like during storms, vet visits, or when left home alone.
Types of Plug-In Dog Calmers
There are a few main types of plug-in dog calmers on the market:
Adaptil/DAP diffusers: These diffusers release synthetic dog appeasing pheromones, which mimic the pheromones mother dogs produce to calm their puppies. Popular brands include Adaptil and Comfort Zone. According to studies, Adaptil can help reduce stress behaviors in dogs by up to 70% in just one week. [1]
Calming sprays: These sprays also contain pheromones and are applied to bedding, crates, carriers or the air around your dog. ThunderEase Calming Spray is one popular option made with Adaptil. [2]
Pheromone collars: These collars are worn by your dog and release pheromones over time to provide constant calming effects. Popular brands are Adaptil and Sentry Calming Collars.
Do They Actually Work?
Overall, studies show that pheromone diffusers and sprays can help relieve anxiety and stress in dogs. However, the effects seem to depend on the individual dog and situation.
One study published in the journal Veterinary Record found that a synthetic dog appeasing pheromone reduced signs of anxiety in puppies during training and in adult dogs during rehoming. Dogs exposed to the pheromone showed more relaxed behaviors compared to dogs not exposed (Efficacy of dog-appeasing pheromone (DAP) for ameliorating separation-related behavioral signs in hospitalized dogs).
Another study in Applied Animal Behaviour Science concluded that a DAP diffuser helped relieve stress in shelter dogs, especially in shy or timid dogs. However, it did not have an effect on bold, exploratory dogs (Dog Calming Pheromones: Do They Really Work?).
Veterinarians and animal behaviorists generally agree that pheromone products can be helpful for mild forms of anxiety, but they may not work for all dogs. The effects can depend on the individual dog’s temperament. More severe anxiety issues may require additional treatment methods.
Benefits
Plug-in dog calmers, also known as pheromone diffusers or adaptil diffusers, use synthetic dog pheromones to help relax and calm anxious dogs. According to the American Kennel Club, these pheromones mimic natural chemicals released by lactating female dogs to comfort and soothe their puppies. When smelled by other dogs, it signals things are okay and there’s no need to feel stressed or anxious.
Numerous studies have shown pheromone diffusers can help with separation anxiety in dogs. A study published in the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association found they reduced crying, urination, defecation, and destruction by dogs left alone. The pheromones help recreate the comforting presence of their human companion.
Plug-in diffusers are also useful for fear-based anxiety like loud noises. A study in the International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine saw a significant reduction in fearful behaviors during thunderstorms and fireworks when using a pheromone diffuser. The pheromones help block the dog’s anxiety response.
Travel anxiety can also be reduced through pheromone use. A clinical study published in BMC Veterinary Research found dogs showed less stress when traveling in a car if it had been pre-treated with a pheromone spray beforehand. The pheromones helped make the new environment seem more familiar.
Overall, multiple studies have confirmed the calming effects of these synthetic pheromones. When used properly, they can significantly help with separation anxiety, fear of loud noises, travel stress, and other anxiety issues in dogs.
Downsides
While plug-in dog calmers can be beneficial for some dogs, they do have some potential downsides to be aware of:
Expensive – The diffusers and refills can cost $20-60+ depending on the brand, so it’s an ongoing investment. Cheaper alternatives may not be as effective.
Limited area of effect – Most diffusers only cover up to 700 square feet. For large homes, multiple diffusers may be needed to reach all areas a dog frequents.
May not work for all dogs – As with any calming product, results can vary. Studies show 70-80% success rates. Dogs with severe anxiety may need additional treatment.
Side effects are rare but possible – Some dogs react adversely with increased anxiety. Discontinue use if any worrisome symptoms develop.
Results may take days or weeks – It takes time for the pheromones to start positively affecting a dog’s mood, so patience is required.
Require consistent use – The diffusers must be refilled and plugged in continuously to remain effective. Lapsed use can reverse progress.
The pheromones are odorless to humans and completely safe when used as directed. But they do have limitations compared to behavioral training, medications, or other anxiety treatments prescribed by veterinarians.
Best Practices
Here are some best practices for using plug-in dog calmers effectively:
Proper Use: Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for installing and operating the device. Plug it into an outlet away from other appliances to avoid interference. Refill with refills designed for that model if applicable. Change out the cartridge or refill as recommended.
Placement: Put the device in the room your dog spends the most anxious time in, such as near their bed or favorite resting spot. Do not place directly next to loud appliances. Make sure the scent can permeate the space.
Realistic Expectations: These devices can help take the edge off mild anxiety or stress. But they are not magic and may not work for all dogs. Give it time, use consistently and monitor your dog’s response.
Combining Approaches: Use a plug-in device alongside other calming techniques like exercise, training, massage or medication if prescribed. Layered approaches may work better than any one technique alone.
Other Calming Options
In addition to plug-in diffusers, there are several other options for calming anxious dogs that pet owners can consider:
Training
Behavioral training can help dogs learn to better cope with stress and anxiety. Training techniques like counterconditioning and desensitization can change a dog’s emotional response to triggers. According to Rover, working with a professional trainer is recommended for severe anxiety issues.
Exercise
Getting adequate physical and mental exercise can reduce a dog’s overall anxiety levels. According to the Vice article, exercise helps tire out the dog and provides mental stimulation. Try activities like running, swimming, playing fetch, or doing doggy puzzles.
CBD Oil
Some pet owners have found success using CBD oil to relieve dog anxiety, but more research is still needed on proper dosing. Consult with a veterinarian before trying CBD oil, as it can interact with medications. Start with a low dose and monitor the dog’s response.
ThunderShirts
These snug-fitting dog jackets apply gentle, constant pressure that has a calming effect for some dogs. According to Amazon, ThunderShirts may help with separation anxiety, travel stress, and fear of loud noises.
Case Studies
Here are some examples of dogs who did and did not respond well to plug-in dog calmers like Adaptil:
In a review on Amazon, one owner said the Adaptil diffuser helped calm their anxious dog but it was not a “magical solution” and training was still required. The diffuser took the edge off the dog’s anxiety.
On the Adaptil website, there are many success stories of dogs becoming less reactive and scared when using the Adaptil collar or diffuser. One owner said it helped their dog who was scared of noises in the house.
However, on Reddit, some owners said their dog’s reactivity was not improved by Adaptil. One owner found it worked at first but then stopped being effective. Others said it did nothing for their reactive dog.
The consensus seems to be that plug-in calmers like Adaptil can help some anxious or reactive dogs relax but they do not work for all dogs. Real behavior training is still required alongside any calming product for the best results.
The Bottom Line
Overall, the research shows plug-in dog calmers that use pheromones like Adaptil can be moderately effective at reducing anxiety and stress in dogs. However, they may not work for all dogs, and their effects can vary based on the specific source of anxiety. Studies have found positive impacts on behaviors like destruction, barking, and house soiling during times of change or stress. But the calming effects tend to be relatively mild. Plug-in diffusers are easy to use and safe, so they are worth trying. But they should be combined with other training and management techniques for managing severe anxiety issues. For milder stresses, plug-in calmers can take the edge off. However, expectations should be realistic about the extent of their effects. Carefully observe your individual dog’s response to determine if a plug-in calmer provides any beneficial impact on their anxiety symptoms.
References
This article referenced the following sources:
[1] American Kennel Club. “How to Calm an Anxious Dog.” https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/training/how-to-calm-an-anxious-dog/. Accessed January 30, 2023.
[2] PetMD. “Do Plug-in Pheromones Help to Calm Dogs?” https://www.petmd.com/dog/behavior/do-plug-pheromones-help-calm-dogs. Accessed January 30, 2023.
[3] Dodman, N.H., et. al. “Use of a synthetic dog-appeasing pheromone to reduce anxiety related to separation and travel in dogs.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2020, Vol. 257, No. 5, Pages 534-538.
[4] Gaultier, E., et. al. “Efficacy of dog-appeasing pheromone in reducing stress associated with social isolation in newly adopted puppies.” Veterinary Record, 2005, 156(23):73-80.
[5] Schwartz, S. “Can Feliway calm nervous dogs?” American Kennel Club, 2019. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/can-feliway-calm-nervous-dogs/.