What are dog contractions?
Contractions are the tightening and relaxing of the muscles in the uterus during labor and delivery of puppies. They are involuntary muscle movements that help to push and position the puppies through the birth canal. Contractions occur in distinct stages as labor progresses:
- Early labor contractions – These are infrequent, mild contractions that may start up to 24 hours before active labor begins. They help the cervix begin to dilate and prepare the uterus for stronger contractions.
- Active labor contractions – During active labor, contractions become much stronger, longer, and closer together, occurring every 5-30 minutes. These forceful contractions push the puppy into the birth canal and lead to full dilation of the cervix.
- Transition contractions – Transition occurs when the cervix is fully dilated and contractions reach 2-3 minutes apart, lasting 60-90 seconds. These extremely strong contractions move the puppy into birthing position.
- Second stage contractions – In the second stage, involuntary abdominal contractions combine with voluntary maternal pushing to expel each puppy through the vaginal canal.
- Third stage contractions – Weakening contractions deliver the placenta after the last puppy.
Monitoring the progression, length, and intensity of contractions provides crucial information on the stages of labor and delivery.
Early labor contractions
Early labor contractions typically last 6-12 hours and occur every 45-60 minutes, lasting 30-60 seconds each time. This stage consists of the cervix dilating to allow room for the puppies to pass through the birth canal. Contractions during early labor may not be visible yet and the pregnant dog may only show signs of restlessness or panting. Early labor represents the longest stage of the birthing process. As labor progresses, the contractions become stronger, more frequent, and more visible.
According to Rochester Hill’s Veterinary Hospital, the first puppy should be delivered within 1-2 hours of the onset of visible contractions and straining. If this does not occur, veterinary assistance is recommended.
Active labor contractions
During active labor, contractions increase in frequency, intensity, and duration. Contractions usually occur every 5-30 minutes and last 60-90 seconds [1]. As the labor progresses, contractions become stronger, more frequent, and longer-lasting. This is because the uterine muscles are forcefully working to move the puppies down the birth canal. Contractions may occur as frequently as every 2-5 minutes and last for 60-120 seconds.
The abdominal muscles visibly contract and relax in a wave-like motion down the abdomen. Contractions may cause the bitch to stop panting, lift her tail, and even vocalize with grunts or whines. This is the most active stage of labor when the bitch is experiencing the peak of contractions.
Transition contractions
The transition stage marks the most intense contractions during labor. During this stage, contractions occur 2-60 minutes apart and last 60-90 seconds each. The uterine contractions are very strong as the cervix fully dilates to 10cm to allow the puppy to pass through the birth canal.
According to the Purina Pro Club article “Preparing for Puppies: Stages of Dog Labor,” the transition stage involves “intense contractions happening frequently, but irregularly — from two to 60 minutes apart.”
The transition contractions help position the puppy for delivery. This is a critical period where the puppy aligns properly in the birth canal. Any issues with positioning or progression during this stage may require veterinary intervention.
The transition stage is relatively short, typically lasting 30-60 minutes. Close monitoring is necessary to watch for signs of prolonged or obstructed labor at this point. The bitch will likely seem very uncomfortable and restless during transition contractions.
Second stage contractions
The second stage of labor is when the puppy is delivered. This is referred to as the pushing stage. Contractions during second stage labor occur every 1-2 minutes and last for about 60-90 seconds. As the Rochester Hill’s Veterinary Clinic notes, “Stage II labor is defined as the part of labor when the puppy is delivered. Visible contractions begin. The abdomen tenses and the bitch begins to involuntarily ‘bear down.'”
According to Goddard Veterinary Group, “Stage 2 – this is the actual delivery of the puppy! There are visible and strong contractions, and she may pant or yelp. It shouldn’t last more than 2 hours for each puppy.”
During this stage, the mother dog will start rhythmically contracting her abdominal muscles to expel the puppies. She may become quite vocal during this stage. It is important to monitor the mother closely and provide support while avoiding intervening unless absolutely necessary.
Third stage contractions
This stage involves the expulsion of the placenta. It usually occurs within 1-4 hours after delivery of the puppies.
The third stage of labor involves:
- Expulsion of the placenta – The placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled through strong uterine contractions. This is a normal process and occurs after delivery of each puppy.
- Usually one strong contraction – The placenta is typically expelled with one very strong contraction per puppy born. Sometimes light straining accompanies the expulsion.
- May continue intermittently – Expulsion of the placentas may continue intermittently for up to 4 hours after the last puppy is born. As long as the placentas look intact, the process is usually normal.
It’s important for the owner to count the placentas to ensure the number matches the number of puppies. Retained placentas can cause serious health risks such as infection or heavy bleeding.
Contraction monitoring
It’s important to monitor your dog’s contractions as she goes into labor. Look for changes in the frequency, intensity, and duration of contractions as labor progresses.
Try to track the time between each contraction. Early labor contractions may be 30 minutes or more apart. As labor progresses, active contractions will come every 5-30 minutes and last 60-90 seconds. Right before delivery, contractions are 2-5 minutes apart and last 60-120 seconds.1
Also note if the contractions seem productive. During the second stage of labor, each contraction should move a puppy down the birth canal. Unproductive contractions may be a sign of obstruction or distress.2
When to seek veterinary care
Pregnancy usually lasts between 58 to 68 days in dogs, with 63 days being the average length of gestation. However, there are cases where pregnancy continues well beyond the normal range. If your dog’s pregnancy has exceeded 70 days with no signs of labor or contractions, this is known as prolonged gestation and veterinary care should be sought right away.
During the birthing process, your dog should progress from early labor to active labor and delivery of puppies within a reasonable timeframe. According to the Ann Arbor Animal Hospital, stage 1 labor and contractions typically lasts 6-12 hours, and the entire birthing process from first contraction to last puppy should not exceed 24 hours. If labor is not progressing normally or your dog is unable to birth a puppy within 30-60 minutes of intense straining, this indicates a lack of progress and you should call your veterinarian.
It’s also important to monitor your dog’s vital signs during labor. Elevated temperature, rapid breathing and heart rate, vomiting, severe lethargy or weakness can all be signs of distress requiring emergency veterinary care. Don’t hesitate to call your vet if you have any concerns about your dog’s labor and delivery.
Promoting smooth contractions
There are a few things you can do to help promote a smooth labor and delivery for your dog:
Proper nutrition and exercise pre-labor – Make sure your dog is eating a high-quality diet and getting regular exercise in the weeks leading up to delivery. This will help strengthen muscles and increase stamina for labor. Take your dog for daily walks and monitor her food intake.
Relaxation and comfort techniques during labor – Create a quiet, comfortable whelping area using blankets, towels or puppy pads. Speak softly and pet your dog to help keep her relaxed. Allow her to lie down and rest between contractions. Applying a warm compress to the vulva can also help soothe discomfort.
Medications if needed – If labor stalls or contractions seem weak, your veterinarian may administer oxytocin or calcium to stimulate stronger contractions. This should only be done under a vet’s supervision. Avoid any herbal or over-the-counter labor stimulants.
Monitor your dog closely as her due date approaches and be prepared to call the vet if contractions are prolonged or she shows signs of distress. With proper care and preparation, you can help your dog have as smooth a labor as possible.
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions about the duration of contractions during dog labor:
How long do dog contractions last?
During the early labor stage, contractions are mild and can last 6-12 hours. During active labor when the dog is pushing, contractions are 2-5 minutes apart and last 60-90 seconds. The second stage when pups are delivered lasts 1-4 hours. The third stage after pups are delivered lasts 1-6 hours as the uterus contracts and expels placentas. According to PetMD, the entire birthing process can last 6-12 hours for the first puppy and 1-2 hours between puppies.
What’s the difference between normal and prolonged contractions?
Normal contractions during active labor are 2-5 minutes apart and last for around 60-90 seconds. Prolonged contractions may be weaker, further apart (more than 60 minutes), and last for more than 60-90 seconds. This can indicate exhaustion or obstruction. Seek veterinary advice if contractions are prolonged without puppies being delivered.
When should I be concerned about contractions?
Contact your veterinarian if you notice prolonged contractions without puppies being delivered, contractions lasting over 2 hours without progression, signs of excessive pain or distress during contractions, or more than 4 hours between puppies being born. Abnormal contractions may indicate an obstruction or other complication requiring medical assistance.
How can I help my dog during contractions?
Provide a quiet, comfortable whelping area. Offer small treats and water between contractions. Apply a warm compress to the vulva during contractions. Do not disturb or interfere unless the dog is in distress. Track contraction intervals and contact your veterinarian if concerned.