What is a phantom pregnancy in dogs?
A phantom pregnancy, also known as pseudopregnancy or false pregnancy, is a condition that occurs in non-pregnant female dogs after a heat cycle. It is caused by hormonal changes that mimic pregnancy. This can result in the dog displaying mothering behaviors such as nesting, secretion of milk from enlarged mammary glands, lethargy, restlessness, vomiting, and even crying.
The condition is triggered by high levels of the hormone progesterone following estrus (heat). Progesterone levels remain elevated even though conception has not occurred, essentially tricking the dog’s body into thinking she is pregnant. This causes physical changes and maternal behaviors that can persist for 2-3 weeks from the onset of estrus, though phantom pregnancies can last up to several months.
It is a common occurrence in intact female dogs and is not a true medical condition or pathology. However, symptoms like lethargy and vomiting can indicate more serious health issues, so it’s important to observe the dog closely and consult a vet if concerning symptoms arise.
Why do dogs get phantom pregnancies?
Phantom pregnancies in dogs occur due to hormonal changes after a heat cycle. After the heat cycle ends, progesterone levels remain elevated in the body instead of declining as they normally would. This mimics the hormone profile of early pregnancy, even though there are no fertilized eggs that have implanted in the uterus [1].
The high progesterone fools the dog’s body into thinking she is pregnant, leading to both physical and behavioral changes. Even though there are no puppies developing, the dog’s body starts preparations for giving birth and nurturing offspring. This results in the signs of phantom pregnancy commonly seen in dogs.
Signs of a phantom pregnancy
Some of the most common signs of a phantom pregnancy in dogs include nesting behaviors, mothering toys or other objects, enlarged nipples, lethargy, decreased appetite, and weight gain.
Dogs experiencing a phantom pregnancy will often gather toys, blankets, or other objects and arrange them into a nest. They may even carry these objects around gently in their mouth as if they were newborn puppies. Dogs will also frequently mother these objects by cuddling with them, licking them, and being very protective over them.
Another sign is enlarged or swollen nipples. This is caused by increased levels of the hormone prolactin which prepares the body for nursing. Even if the dog is not lactating, the nipples often become enlarged and reddened (VCAA).
Lethargy and decreased appetite are common during a phantom pregnancy as well. Dogs typically gain weight during this time due to fluid retention and lack of exercise. All of these signs combined result in the dog acting like she is nurturing a litter of puppies when in reality she is not pregnant at all.
How long do phantom pregnancies last?
Phantom pregnancies typically last 2-3 weeks in dogs before fading away as hormone levels return to normal. Some dogs may experience phantom pregnancies repeatedly or have longer-lasting symptoms, but the average duration is around 2-3 weeks (VCA Hospitals 2022).
The phantom pregnancy symptoms begin in earnest about 6-8 weeks after the end of a dog’s heat cycle, when progesterone levels would drop if the dog was actually pregnant. In a phantom pregnancy, the lack of fetuses doesn’t trigger a progesterone drop, so the dog’s body maintains the high hormone levels of pregnancy. Over 2-3 weeks, the hormones gradually decline on their own, ending the phantom symptoms (Purina 2022).
In most cases, the symptoms completely resolve within 2-3 weeks without any treatment needed. However, some dogs may have recurring phantom pregnancies with each heat cycle. If the symptoms persist beyond 3 weeks or interfere with your dog’s quality of life, consult your veterinarian (AMC 2022).
Is crying a symptom?
Some dogs may whine or cry excessively during a phantom pregnancy, but this is not considered a primary or common symptom. Dogs experiencing a false pregnancy tend to act clingier and seek more attention from their owners. According to PetMD, the most common signs of a phantom pregnancy include enlarged mammary glands, lethargy, vomiting, and fluid retention in the abdomen. While crying and whining may occur in some cases, it seems to be less prevalent than other symptoms.
The clinginess and attention-seeking behaviors are likely due to the hormonal changes causing maternal instincts to kick in. Even though no puppies are present, the dog’s body still thinks it needs to care for and nurture offspring. This can cause anxiety and vocalizations if the dog feels its imaginary puppies are threatened. However, phantom pregnancies do not directly make dogs cry persistently in most cases. Excessive crying or whining warrants a vet visit to check for other underlying issues.
When to see the vet
If the symptoms of a phantom pregnancy in your dog persist for more than 3 weeks, it’s a good idea to make an appointment with your veterinarian. Prolonged symptoms could indicate an underlying health issue. Your vet can examine your dog and run tests to rule out any medical problems.
Specifically, you should take your dog to the vet if she shows any of the following symptoms past the 3 week mark:
- Lack of appetite or refusing to eat. Loss of appetite for an extended period can lead to potentially dangerous weight loss and nutritional deficiencies.
- Signs of depression, lethargy, or other behavioral changes. Your dog may be suffering from hormonal imbalances that require treatment.
- Abnormal vaginal discharge that is bloody, mucus-like, or foul smelling. This could signal an infection or other reproductive health problem.
Your vet can prescribe medications or recommend treatment options to help resolve persistent phantom pregnancy symptoms or any underlying conditions. Getting prompt veterinary care is important to keep your dog healthy and relieve any distress from a lasting phantom pregnancy.
Medical treatments
If the symptoms of a phantom pregnancy are severe or recurring, veterinarians may recommend medical treatment. Some options include:
Hormonal supplements or anti-inflammatories such as cabergoline may help regulate hormones and reduce symptoms (vcahospitals.com). These medications can shorten the duration of phantom pregnancies.
Spaying dogs who experience repeated phantom pregnancies can prevent recurrences, as the ovaries are the source of the hormone changes. This may be recommended after multiple phantom pregnancies (pdsa.org.uk).
Treating any underlying illnesses or conditions that may contribute to phantom pregnancies, such as hormonal disorders.
At-home care
There are some things you can do at home to help a dog going through a phantom pregnancy:
- Limit light exposure for nesting – Reduce light exposure wherever your dog has created a nest to discourage further nesting behavior. Keep lights off or use blackout curtains in the area.
- Remove toys/objects – Take away any toys or objects your dog may be mothering. This includes her bed if she is nesting in it.
- Increase exercise – Make sure your dog gets plenty of exercise and stimulation. Long walks and playtime can help redirect her maternal instincts.
While at-home care can help, be sure to follow your veterinarian’s guidance. In some cases medications or hormonal therapy may be needed, especially if symptoms persist more than a few weeks. Contact your vet if you have any concerns over your dog’s phantom pregnancy.
Preventing phantom pregnancies
The best way to prevent phantom pregnancies is to spay your dog. According to the PDSA, most dogs can be safely spayed at 6 months old. Spaying eliminates the hormonal fluctuations that trigger phantom pregnancies.
If spaying is not an option, there are some other steps you can take:
- Limit light exposure at night – Make sure your dog’s sleeping area is dark and minimize nighttime activities.
- Decrease protein after heat cycles – Feed a reduced protein diet for a few weeks after your dog goes into heat.
While these tips may help, spaying is the most reliable way to prevent recurring phantom pregnancies if your dog struggles with this condition.
When to worry
While phantom pregnancies are generally harmless, there are some circumstances where you should contact your veterinarian. Prolonged symptoms that last longer than 3 weeks, not eating or drinking, depression or lethargy, and vaginal discharge or vomiting are all reasons to seek medical care.
If your dog is no longer interested in food or water for more than a day or two, this indicates a potentially serious health issue that requires veterinary attention. Lethargy and depression are also not normal and suggest an underlying problem.
Vaginal discharge is not expected with a phantom pregnancy. Any abnormal discharge or bleeding should be evaluated right away, as it could signal an infection or other reproductive health problem. Persistent vomiting is also a concern, especially if your dog is bringing up bile or blood.
Your vet can run tests to determine if your dog’s hormones are imbalanced or if there is an infection or physical issue causing ongoing phantom pregnancy symptoms. Treatment may involve medications, fluids, or other supportive care. Don’t delay in seeking veterinary attention if your dog has any of these worrying symptoms along with their false pregnancy.
