Anatomy of a Dog’s Ear
A dog’s ear is made up of three main parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. Each part plays an important role in a dog’s hearing.
The outer ear consists of the pinna and the vertical and horizontal ear canals. The pinna is the part of the ear that you see that is made of cartilage and covered by fur. It funnels sound into the ear canal. The vertical ear canal runs down into the head and the horizontal ear canal leads deeper into the skull.
The middle ear contains the eardrum and three tiny bones called the malleus, incus and stapes. Vibrations pass from the eardrum through these bones to the inner ear. The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the throat and helps equalize pressure.
The inner ear contains the cochlea and vestibule which are responsible for balance and hearing. The cochlea is a snail-shaped structure filled with fluid and contains hair cells that detect vibrations and send signals to the brain to interpret as sound. The vestibule contains fluid and hair cells that detect motion and head position.
Source: https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/ear-disorders-of-dogs/ear-structure-and-function-in-dogs
Why Does Rubbing a Dog’s Ear Make a Wet Sound?
The wet sound that occurs when rubbing a dog’s ear is caused by the presence of excess earwax in the ear canal. Earwax, also called cerumen, is produced by glands located in the external ear canal of dogs.1 This waxy oil helps protect the ear canal from damage and infection.
Most dogs normally produce just enough earwax to coat the ear canal lightly. However, some dogs produce excessive amounts of earwax. As this buildup accumulates, it can take on a thick, gooey consistency that produces a squishing or wet sound when the ear is massaged.2
Excessive earwax is not necessarily a cause for concern by itself. However, it can contribute to ear infections by trapping bacteria, yeast, and debris inside the ear. Thick earwax buildup also muffles sounds and impairs hearing. Keeping your dog’s ears clean can help prevent excessive wax accumulation.
Excessive Ear Wax in Dogs
Excessive ear wax in dogs is quite common and can occur for a variety of reasons. The main causes of excessive ear wax buildup include:
- Allergies – Dogs with allergies and other sensitivities often produce more ear wax as a response. Common allergens like pollen, dust, and certain foods can trigger excess wax production.
- Ear Mites – These tiny parasites feed on ear wax and skin oils inside a dog’s ear canal, causing inflammation and excessive secretion of wax.
- Ear Infections – Bacterial and fungal infections disrupt the normal environment of the ear canal, leading to overproduction of wax.
- Foreign Objects or Trauma – Debris, grass seeds, or other objects trapped in the ears can cause irritation and excess wax.
- Excess Hair – Long haired dogs are prone to buildup of hair inside ears that traps wax.
- Hypothyroidism – Low thyroid function may increase wax production.
If your dog seems to have a lot of dark brown or black wax, be sure to have your veterinarian examine your dog’s ears to determine if any underlying issues need treatment.
Checking a Dog’s Ears
It’s important to regularly check your dog’s ears for signs of potential infection or other problems. Start by looking at the outer ear flap and ear canal. A healthy ear should look pink and clean, without debris or foul odor. Excess wax can be normal in some dogs, but black, brown, yellow, or bloody discharge indicates an infection or inflammation. Compare both ears – if one looks different than the other, that’s a red flag. Ear infections also cause redness, swelling, irritation, head shaking, or scratching at the ears.
Gently flip the ear flap up and inspect the canal using a light for full visibility. Signs of infection include redness, discomfort, swelling, discharge, debris, and foul odor. See if there is any discharge deep inside the horizontal ear canal as well. Avoid inserting objects into the ear canal, as this can damage the delicate skin. If the dog shows sensitivity or pain during the ear exam, an infection is likely present.
Check for other symptoms like head tilting, imbalance, or scratching at the ears. Dogs with chronic ear issues may develop head shaking, dark discharge, and loss of balance. Contact your vet promptly if you observe any of these potential signs of infection or discomfort during at-home ear checks.
Cleaning a Dog’s Ears
Proper ear cleaning is important to keep your dog’s ears healthy and prevent infections. Here are some tips for cleaning your dog’s ears safely and effectively:
Gather the proper supplies – You’ll need a vet-approved dog ear cleanser, cotton balls or gauze, and towels. Avoid using cotton swabs or inserting anything into the ear canal. Popular ear cleansers include Virbac Epi-Otic Advanced Ear Cleaner and Zymox Otic Pet Ear Cleanser.
Choose a quiet time – Clean your dog’s ears when he is calm and relaxed. This will make the process easier for both of you.
Apply the cleanser – Squirt a small amount of ear cleanser into your dog’s outer ear canal. Massage the base of the ear to work the cleanser in.
Wipe away debris – Use cotton balls or gauze to gently wipe out any wax, discharge or debris from your dog’s ear. Don’t insert anything into the ear canal.
Dry thoroughly – Gently dry your dog’s ears with a soft towel. Make sure no moisture is left behind, as this can allow bacteria to grow.
Offer praise – Give your dog lots of praise and treats for being patient during ear cleaning. This will make future cleanings easier.
Be gentle – Never clean too vigorously or forcefully insert cotton in their ears, as this can harm their sensitive ears.
Follow up with your vet – Consult with your veterinarian if you notice any worrisome odors, redness, swelling or discharge. They can recommend proper treatment if an infection is present.
With the right supplies and techniques, regular ear cleaning can keep your dog’s ears healthy and free of infections.
Common Ear Problems in Dogs
Ear infections, hematomas, and mites are some of the most common ear problems in dogs. According to veterinary sources, Ear Infections and Otitis Externa in Dogs, ear infections, also known as otitis externa, are one of the most frequent reasons dogs are taken to the vet. Ear infections are often caused by bacteria or yeast and result in inflammation and discharge from the ear canal.
Hematomas are another common ear issue in dogs. They occur when blood vessels in the ear flap rupture and cause swelling. Hematomas usually occur from vigorous head shaking or ear scratching. According to The Common Causes of Ear Problems in Dogs, hematomas typically require draining by a vet.
Ear mites are tiny parasites that live in the ear canal and can cause intense itching. Mites feed on ear wax and oils and reproduce rapidly. Dogs with ear mites will scratch their ears frequently. Mites are highly contagious between animals, so dogs with mites should be isolated and treated.
Treating Ear Infections in Dogs
Treating an ear infection in dogs usually requires a combination of medications, ear cleaning, and veterinary care. Some of the most common treatments include:
Medications – Vets often prescribe antibiotic ear drops or ointments to fight bacterial and fungal infections. Common medications include gentamicin, miconazole, clotrimazole, and terbinafine. Oral antibiotics may also be prescribed for severe or chronic infections.
Ear Cleaning – Your vet will thoroughly clean your dog’s infected ears to remove debris, wax, and discharge. This allows the medication to penetrate deeper into the ear canal. At home ear cleaning with a veterinarian-recommended cleanser will be needed to treat the infection.
Veterinary Care – Most ear infections require an exam, cleaning, and medications prescribed by a vet. Follow up appointments are usually needed to monitor the infection and repeat cleaning. Seeking prompt veterinary care is important to treat the infection before it worsens.
Severely inflamed ears may require sedation and anesthesia to properly examine and flush the ear canals. Surgery may be needed for chronic cases to open up narrowed ear canals.
While home remedies like vinegar or rubbing alcohol may provide temporary relief, only veterinarian-prescribed medications and proper cleaning can actually cure an ear infection. Seeking proper medical care is crucial for treating infected dog ears.
For sources, see:
https://www.webmd.com/pets/dogs/remedies-for-dog-ear-infections
https://www.banfield.com/en/Wellness-at-banfield/Ear-Care/Can-you-treat-a-dog-ear-infection-without-a-vet
Preventing Ear Problems in Dogs
There are several ways to help prevent ear problems from developing in dogs:
Regular Ear Cleaning
One of the best ways to prevent ear infections and other problems is to regularly clean your dog’s ears (cite). This helps remove dirt, debris, and excess wax that can build up and cause irritation or infection. Most vets recommend cleaning your dog’s ears once a week. Be sure to only use a veterinarian-approved ear cleanser and follow the directions closely.
Diet
Your dog’s diet can also play a role in ear health. Food allergies may contribute to ear issues, so feeding a high-quality diet tailored for your dog’s needs may help. Some vets also recommend supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids to reduce inflammation (cite).
Manage Humidity
Moisture in a dog’s ears can allow yeast and bacteria to thrive. After baths or swimming, be sure to thoroughly dry your dog’s ears. For dogs with floppy ears that retain moisture, you can place a dry cotton ball in the ear after cleaning to absorb excess moisture.
With proper preventative care, you can help keep your dog’s ears healthy and free of problems.
When to See a Vet About a Dog’s Ears
In most cases, minor ear issues in dogs can be treated at home with cleaning and medication. However, it’s important to see a veterinarian if the problem persists or worsens. Signs that warrant a trip to the vet include:
- Severe inflammation or swelling of the ear canal
- Discharge that is yellow, green, or foul-smelling
- Evidence of trauma or injury to the ear
- Persistent head shaking, scratching, or rubbing of ears
- Loss of balance or disorientation
- Hearing loss or changes in behavior
A chronic ear infection that fails to improve with home treatment should always be evaluated by a vet. They can examine the ear under a microscope, diagnose any underlying problems, and provide prescription medication if needed. Delaying treatment could result in permanent damage to the ear canal or eardrum.
According to veterinarians, severe ear infections require immediate medical attention and should not wait even if the vet’s office is closed. An untreated advanced infection can quickly escalate and spread. Signs requiring emergency vet care include:
- Profuse bleeding from the ears
- Sudden hearing loss or deafness
- Draining abscesses behind the ears
- Facial paralysis on one side of the head
- Loss of balance, nausea, or lethargy
- Persistent crying or whining from pain
With prompt diagnosis and the right medications from your vet, most ear problems in dogs can be cured or managed effectively. Pay close attention to your dog’s ears and don’t hesitate to call the vet at the first signs of infection.
Caring for Your Dog’s Ears
Keeping your dog’s ears clean and healthy is an important part of maintaining their overall wellbeing and quality of life. Healthy ears allow your dog to hear properly and avoid discomfort or infections that can affect their happiness and ability to play and interact with their surroundings. With some simple regular care, you can promote good ear health in your dog.
It’s recommended to inspect your dog’s ears weekly and clean them at least once a month. Look for any signs of redness, inflammation, discharge, odor or debris which could indicate an infection or problem. Gently wipe the inner ear with a cotton ball or pad soaked in a vet-approved ear cleaning solution to remove dirt, wax buildup and debris. Take care not to insert anything into the ear canal. After cleaning, gently dry the ears and apply medication if prescribed by your vet.
You may need to clean your dog’s ears more often if they have chronic infections or allergies. Some dogs with floppy ears or excessive hair may be more prone to buildup. Talk to your vet about a regular schedule for your dog. They can also show you the safest and most effective technique.
Avoid using cotton swabs or inserting anything into your dog’s ears as this can pack debris deeper or cause injury. Only use cleaning solutions approved for dog ears. See your vet promptly if you notice any concerning symptoms, as ear infections can advance quickly in dogs if left untreated. With proper care and attention, your dog’s ears can stay healthy and happy.