Introduction
There are three main categories of dog training methods: rewards-based, corrections-based, and hybrid. Rewards-based training relies on positive reinforcement by rewarding desired behaviors. Corrections-based training utilizes corrections or punishment to discourage unwanted behaviors. Hybrid training combines both rewards and corrections. All three methods have pros and cons, and effectiveness depends on factors like the individual dog, trainer skill, and training goals.
This article provides an overview of popular methods within each category, including their suitability for different needs. It aims to help dog owners understand the various options to make an informed choice about which approach is best for their situation.
Rewards-Based Training
Rewards-based training, also known as positive reinforcement training, relies on giving a dog treats, praise, or toys when they demonstrate a desired behavior. The goal is to reinforce good behaviors so the dog will repeat them. For example, when house training a puppy, the owner would immediately give a treat when the puppy potties outside. The puppy comes to associate going potty outside with getting a reward.
Advocates of rewards-based training argue that it helps build a strong bond between owner and dog. Dogs want to please their owners and receive rewards. This training method promotes trust and minimizes fear or intimidation tactics. It focuses on teaching the dog what TO do rather than punishing them for what NOT to do.
According to dog training experts, rewards-based training is highly effective for teaching basic obedience and manners. Most positive reinforcement dog trainers recommend using a clicker to “mark” and reward desirable behaviors. The click sound serves as a conditioning tool to reinforce training. Treats, toys, and praise should be phased out over time as the dog learns.
Some downsides of rewards-based training are that it requires patience, consistency and can be time consuming. Owners must carry treats and properly time delivery. It may not work as well for dogs with high prey drives or aggression issues. But for most family pets, rewards are an effective motivator for learning.
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Corrections-Based Training
Corrections-based dog training relies on using aversives like leash jerks, yelling “no,” and other punishments to discourage unwanted behaviors. The goal is to make the dog associate an undesirable behavior with something unpleasant in order to reduce its frequency. Some common tools used in correctional training include prong collars, choke chains, shock collars, and other implements that cause pain or discomfort when the dog misbehaves https://samthedogtrainer.com/articles/sixteen-corrections-you-should-never-use-on-a-dog/. Proponents argue that the immediate discomfort helps the dog understand that the behavior is unacceptable. However, others criticize this approach as relying on fear, intimidation, and even abuse.
Correctional methods can suppress unwanted behaviors in the short-term but may lead to unintended consequences. Harsh corrections can cause dogs to become fearful, anxious, or reactive over time. They may suppress behaviors only when the trainer is present and can easily backslide when the threat of punishment is gone. Additionally, physical corrections do little to teach the dog what behaviors are desired instead. For these reasons, many modern dog experts advise using correctional methods sparingly, if at all, and focus more on positive reinforcement https://www.hepper.com/positive-reinforcement-vs-correction-dog-training/.
Hybrid Training
Hybrid training utilizes a balanced approach using both rewards-based methods and corrections. This method aims to leverage the benefits of both positive reinforcement and corrections to shape dog behavior. Trainers point to some key advantages of hybrid training:
Hybrid training allows for quickly stopping unwanted behaviors through the judicious use of corrections, while also focusing on rewarding and reinforcing wanted behaviors (AKC, 2018). The goal is to find the right balance between positive and negative reinforcement tactics based on the individual dog. Proponents argue hybrid training leads to well-rounded dogs that are both motivated by rewards yet also respectful due to appropriate corrections.
Critics counter that poorly executed corrections can worsen behavior issues or damage the human-canine bond. However, skilled hybrid trainers emphasize using the minimum corrections needed and focusing on clear communication and praise (Iworkdogs, 2022). Overall, hybrid training aims to blend the best of both worlds but requires nuance and care in implementation.
Effectiveness
When evaluating dog training methods, three key factors determine effectiveness: success rates, reliability, and humaneness. Research shows that reward-based methods have higher success rates compared to corrections-based techniques. In one study comparing clicker training to more traditional leash corrections, the clicker method successfully taught dogs complex tasks in fewer attempts (Fugazza, 2015). The reliability of reward-based training is also greater, as dogs learn faster and retain information longer when positive reinforcement is used consistently (de Castro, 2021). Finally, rewards-based methods are widely regarded as more humane and ethical. Corrections can cause fear, anxiety, and diminished welfare in dogs, whereas rewards boost confidence and preserve the human-animal bond (Vieira de Castro, 2021).
In conclusion, while no single technique is universally effective, studies demonstrate that positive reinforcement offers greater success rates, reliability, and humaneness compared to corrections-based or hybrid approaches.
Suitability
When choosing a dog training method, it’s important to consider which approach will work best for your individual dog’s age, breed, temperament and the behaviors you want to address. For example:
Rewards-based methods like positive reinforcement training tend to work very well for most dogs, especially younger puppies and dogs who are timid or sensitive. The use of treats, praise and toys as rewards allows you to motivate your dog and shape behaviors in a positive manner. This is a good foundational approach for basic obedience and manners.
On the other hand, some working or high-drive breeds may be less motivated by food rewards and may respond better to corrections-based methods like traditional Koehler method training, which utilizes corrections like leash pops. This can help instill respect and establish clear rules. However, corrections should be used judiciously and only for dogs who require more firm guidance.
For problem behaviors like aggression or separation anxiety, a hybrid approach often works best. Counterconditioning using rewards-based techniques can alter a dog’s emotional response and decrease problematic behaviors. But if the dog is particularly stubborn or defiant, the strategic use of corrections may also be needed as part of a comprehensive training plan overseen by an experienced trainer.
Owner Preferences
When choosing a dog training method, owners consider factors like ease of use and alignment with their philosophy. Rewards-based methods are often preferred by owners because they find them easier to implement consistently. As one study found, “The majority of owners use rewards (e.g. treats and praise) when training their dogs. However, many additionally use aversive methods” (Woodward, 2021). Rewards-based training allows owners to positively reinforce wanted behaviors, which many find more intuitive than corrections-based training.
Additionally, rewards-based training aligns well with many owners’ philosophies about dog training. They want to build a bond with their dog through positive interactions rather than establishing dominance. As van Herwijnen (2018) explains, “The owner–dog relationship is important for satisfaction with the dog” (van Herwijnen, 2018). Rewards-based training supports this relationship-building while many owners see corrections as undermining it.
Expert Opinions
Veterinarians and professional dog trainers generally recommend using rewards-based methods for training dogs. The American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior’s (AVSAB) official position is that reward-based training is most effective for teaching dogs desired behaviors. AVSAB states that punishment-based training has risks, including inhibiting learning, increasing fear-related and aggressive behaviors, and harming the human-animal bond (American College of Veterinary Behaviorists).
Many veterinarians advise pet owners to avoid dominance-based or compulsion-based methods, recommending positive reinforcement techniques instead. Dr. Sophia Yin, a veterinarian behaviorist, noted that confrontation-based methods, like alpha rolls and collar corrections, are risky and can make behavior issues worse. She advocated for reward-based training tailored to each dog’s personality (Texas A&M Veterinary Medicine).
Professional organizations like the Certification Council for Professional Dog Trainers (CCPDT) and the Association of Professional Dog Trainers (APDT) also endorse positive training approaches. Their certified trainers utilize science-based methods focused on reinforcing desired behaviors, building communication, and using the least intrusive interventions.
Conclusions
When it comes to choosing the right dog training method, there is no definitive “best” approach. Each method has its merits and downsides that depend on factors like the dog’s personality, the owner’s preferences, and the behaviors being trained. However, based on the research summarized here, the following conclusions can be drawn:
Rewards-based training, which relies on positive reinforcement like treats and praise, is highly effective for teaching basic obedience and manners. It promotes a strong bond between dog and owner. Corrections-based training, using techniques like leash corrections and scolding, can more quickly stop unwanted behaviors but risks damaging the human-canine relationship if overused. Hybrid training combines the two approaches to capitalize on their strengths.
For the average pet owner, a rewards-based or hybrid approach is likely preferable. Corrections have a greater risk of unintended consequences and require expert timing and technique to administer humanely. Proper implementation of any method requires an understanding of canine psychology and communication.
There is no universally “best” training style. Factors like the dog’s personality, the owner’s skill level, and the specifics of the behaviors targeted should dictate the approach. Flexibility and customization lead to the most success. Ongoing professional guidance helps owners troubleshoot issues.
Whichever training method owners choose, what matters most is that they remain patient, consistent, and always reinforce wanted behaviors much more frequently than punishing unwanted ones. This promotes the strongest human-canine bond built on clear communication, trust, and mutual understanding.
References
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Dunbar, I. (2007). Dog Behavior: Why Dogs Do What They Do. Dogwise Publishing.
Hiby, E.F., Rooney, N.J. and Bradshaw, J.W.S. (2004). Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare. Animal Welfare, 13(1), 63-69.
Karl, K. (2019). This Dog Training Technique Is Proven to Work (And It’s Not Based on Treats). Reader’s Digest. Retrieved from https://www.rd.com/list/positive-reinforcement-dog-training/
Lindsay, S. (2001). Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Vol. 1-3. Iowa State University Press.
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